I remember the first student I ever suspended. He was 13 years old.

It started off as a minimal disruption. He was stealing pencils from other students at his table. That turned into breaking pencils. Then, stealing homework.

Determined not to let him derail the entire class, I changed his seat. I went over to him, and quietly said, "Can you tell me what's up? I know you can behave better than this." He swore at me in two languages.

I gave him a five-minute timeout in the hallway. He came back in and kept throwing and stealing. Finally, another student got so irritated that she threw a pencil back at him. And before I knew it, he had her in a headlock.

I didn't think twice. I just made him disappear for a week. I wasn't a seasoned teacher. I was a couple feet shorter than many of my students, and younger than many of their siblings.

It's hard for any teacher to see the big picture in every disciplinary action we take, and how it can impact a student's education. But it does.

I've been out of the classroom for three years now, and for the past year, I've been following teachers, students and school districts, trying to understand the latest research on school suspension and its effects down the line.

Understanding How Suspension Can Lead to Dropout

I met Robert last spring. He was a talkative, skinny kid with lots of energy. It was the end of his sixth grade year, and Robert had already been suspended three times. One more time, and he knew he would be expelled.

Students with a record like Robert's are at risk. He should be entering high school soon, but 49% of students who entered high school with three suspensions on their record eventually dropped out of school, according to "Sent Home and Put Off Track," a new report by Robert Balfanz of Johns Hopkins University.

And research shows that most students who get suspended end up getting suspended twice, causing some researchers to say that suspension is not an effective tool for changing behavior -- something that teachers can tell you instinctively.

Megan Macpherson stands at the front of her sixth grade classroom, 2012. 

Credit: Robyn Gee

"It's been really hard to keep kids invested in school, because once they fall behind, it's embarrassing to be behind their peers, and to take that risk to try. It's almost too much,” said Robert's teacher, Megan Macpherson, who worries about her students moving on to middle school where there will be less individualized attention to keep them on track.

When students transition from elementary to secondary school, their chances of being suspended increase from 2.4% to 11%, according to a recent study out of UCLA.

And once they do get suspended, they're more likely to drop out.

Researcher Robert Balfanz found that students who were suspended once in ninth grade dropped out of high school twice as often as their peers who were not suspended.

Interventions

Youth Court and Restorative Justice

In Robert's school district, administrators are actively trying to reduce suspensions. Between 2004 - 2011, the district cut its suspensions in halfthrough restorative justice strategies like the youth court program at Richmond High School. In this program, students are trained to act as lawyers, judges and jurors. They listen to both sides of a problem and then decide appropriate consequences other than suspension.

At Richmond High School in California, a youth court session ended with the student speaker banging her gavel: "This court is now adjourned." 

Credit: Robyn Gee

Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS)

Another popular strategy for lowering suspension rates in schools is Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS). This strategy revolves around intentionally creating a positive culture in schools to prevent negative behavior from occurring.

Dr. Rob Horner is a Professor of Special Education at the University of Oregon and an expert on PBIS. He says the method is used in over 8,000 schools and has even caught traction with the White House.

"The reason educators feel the compulsion to use techniques like detention, suspension, expulsion, is because they say, 'This child's behavior detracts from the educational opportunities of everybody else,'" Horner said. "We've learned if you focus on the front end to prevent problem behaviors, the number of these situations goes way down."

Tough Decisions

I taught eighth grade in a school that was close to being taken over by the state because of its low performance. Schools in this position are often encouraged to set a hard line with students -- you're in or you're out. That doesn't exactly encourage new teachers to be flexible with students and get to know them.

Balfanz observed that one of the best ways to prevent suspension is to foster strong relationships between students and teachers. "When those relationships are weak, it's easier for students to act out, and it's easier for teachers to be harsh in their reactions. Neither side has an invested relationship with the other," he said.

Reflecting back on my years as a classroom teacher, I wish I had prioritized keeping students in school. But at the time, it felt impossible. I did feel compelled to use suspensions to keep my class under control. Getting a knock from the teacher next-door asking me to "keep it down" only made me more desperate to get rid of noisy students.

Now I'm realizing that I might have been getting rid of them for good.

Have you used any interventions besides suspension to work with troubled students? What has worked for you?