• Infants experience and perceive a range of emotions. Caregivers may underestimate the degree to which infants' social-emotional development is affected by early experiences. Although infants as young as six months can "begin to sense and be affected by their parents' moods," fewer than 35 percent of caregivers believe that infants are capable of experiencing emotions in this way.
• Early positive interactions promote emotional wellness throughout the lifespan. Interactions between caregivers and infants are critically important, as "neural connections are formed through the interaction of genes and a baby's environment and experiences," especially through communication with caregivers.
• Having appropriate expectations of young children's development is important. Emotional development is a critical component of brain development that is not always emphasized as much as cognitive, physical, or verbal development. Each person's development is unique, but caregivers should understand general social-emotional milestones - such as copying caregivers' actions - in order to keep expectations appropriate and monitor potential redflags.
• Parents and caregivers should be mindful of their own emotional well-being, seeking support if they need it. Caregivers who effectively treat their mental illness may lower the effects of the illness on their children.
• Young children are resilient and, if properly supported, can overcome potentially traumatic events. Young children may be able to overcome the effects of adverse events through consistent, predictable, supportive interactions.

Johns Hopkins University 

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