Besieged at every turn by distractions, we spend a lot of time struggling to pay attention, concentrate, and focus on the task in front of us. What we don’t do, according to University of Southern California professor Mary Helen Immordino-Yang, is fully appreciate the value of the more diffuse mental activity that characterizes our inner lives: daydreaming, remembering, reflecting.
 
Yet this kind of introspection is crucial to our mental health, to our relationships, and to our emotional and moral development. What's more, it actually promotes the skill we care so much about, for ourselves and for our kids: the capacity to focus on the world outside our heads.
 
Our brains have two operating systems, Immordino-Yang and her coauthors explain in a recent article published in the journal Perspectives on Psychological Science. The first, which they call the “looking out system,” orients our attention to the external environment, allowing us to get stuff done. The other, which they term the “looking in system,” directs us inward, setting our thoughts free to wander.
 
By scanning the brains of study subjects asked simply to rest and relax, scientists have discovered that our minds are anything but inactive in these moments. Relieved of the obligation to pay attention to what’s going on around us, we engage instead with a rich internal environment: recalling the past, imagining the future, replaying recent interactions and sorting out our feelings.

It’s when we engage our brains’ “looking in” mode, notes Immordino-Yang, that we make meaning out of the mass of experiences and information we encounter when we’re “looking out.”
 
All of us—but young people especially—may have fewer opportunities these days to exercise the vital capacity of introspection. Immordino-Yang fingers two culprits: educational practices that demand constant attentiveness, even from young children, and a hyper-connected world that insistently draws attention away from the world inside.
 
“If youths overuse social media, if they spend very little waking time free from the possibility that a text will interrupt them,” the authors write, “we would expect that these conditions might predispose youths toward focusing on the concrete, physical and immediate aspects of situation and self, with less inclination toward considering the abstract, longer-term, moral and emotional implications of their and others’ actions.”
 
Ironically, a lack of time to daydream may even hamper our capacity to pay attention when we need to. The ability to become absorbed in our own thoughts is linked to our ability to focus intently on the world outside, research indicates. In one recent neuroimaging study, for example, participants alternated periods of mental rest with periods of looking at images and listening to sounds.

The more effectively the neural regions associated with “looking in” were activated during rest and deactivated while attending to the visual and auditory stimuli, the more engaged were the brain’s sensory cortices in response to sights and sounds.
 
Focus and concentration are essential, of course. But so are introspection and reflection, and Immordino-Yang and her colleagues recommend that adults andchildren find a balance between the two modes: by regularly unplugging our blinking, buzzing devices, and by providing time and space for a quieter, more inward kind of entertainment.

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All my best, Annie

This Week's Brilliant Quote"Many people today live and work in almost completely manufactured environments. We are creatures inhabiting, navigating, and selecting among niches in an ecology of technology, especially in the modern workplace. Given that concepts of human intelligence have historically drawn heavily on adaptation to the environment as an organizing theme, the invented and continually reinvented nature of today's environment creates (or should create) a sizable challenge for reinventing the study of intelligence and the concept of adaptation itself . . . It is unclear whether traditional conceptions of intelligence and its measurement, grounded in unaided and passive adaptation to experimental "stimuli" or test items, will provide much insight into how people live and work in concert with tools and technologies, and within a continually invented world."—Alex Kirlik, "Work in Progress: Reinventing Intelligence for an Invented World"