What are the benefits for parents of common standards?

• A common set of standards ensures that all students, no matter where they live, will be focused on graduating from high school prepared for postsecondary education and careers. In an increasingly mobile society, families with children transferring to new schools will not have to adjust to new learning expectations. Standards will be the same for all students in states adopting the CCSS, making transitions smoother for students.
• In a competitive global economy, all students must compete with not only American peers in other states, but with students from around the world. The CCSS were designed to prepare students to succeed in this environment.
• Common standards will facilitate conversation among parents, teachers, and children about high-level academic learning goals. Because common standards define exactly what students should know and be able to do at each grade level, they will help parents hold their schools accountable for teaching students in ways that support learning of the important content and skills defined by the CCSS.
• With adoption of the CCSS, states and districts can share experiences, methods of assessment, teaching practices, instructional materials, and approaches to helping parents support and reinforce learning at home.

How will the standards be assessed?

Two consortia of states — the SMARTER Balanced Assessment Consortium and the Partnership for the Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers — have been awarded federal funding to develop an assessment system aligned with the CCSS. Different types of assessments to measure students' progress during and at the end of the school year will be designed for students in grades 3–12. These assessments will be used by states adopting the CCSS beginning in the 2014–2015 school year.

Standards for English language arts and literacy in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects

The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) for English language arts include standards for use in English language arts courses, as well as literacy standards in history/ social studies, science, and technical subjects. The standards for English language arts describe expertise that students will develop in the areas of reading, writing, speaking and listening, and language. The standards also describe how students use and strengthen these skills — particularly reading and writing — in other subjects at their grade level.

Let's look at how a grade 9 student might learn reading and writing in history. A sample ninth-grade standard for literacy is shown in the box below.

A typical assignment tied to this standard might be:

Select a case that is scheduled to come before the United States Supreme Court. Use the text of the U.S. Constitution and at least two other sources to support two decisions the court could make: one arguing for the case and the other against it. Support your arguments using the information you gathered.

This type of assignment requires a student to define an issue, research it in an unbiased way, read carefully, and compare and contrast elements of the issue. In the age of the Internet, students must learn about trustworthy and reliable sources, the difference between an opinion and a fact, and how to verify statements made with additional sources of information. Then, students must be able to write about the issue, their conclusions, and the supporting evidence in a convincing manner.

Key features of the standards

• Reading: Text complexity and growth of comprehension
  The reading standards place equal emphasis on the sophistication of what students read and the skill with which they read.
• Writing: Text types, responding to reading, and research
  The writing standards acknowledge the fact that while some writing skills (e.g., the ability to plan, revise, edit, and publish) apply to many types of writing, other skills relate to specific types of writing: arguments, informative/explanatory texts, and narratives.
• Speaking and listening: Flexible communication and collaboration
  The speaking and listening standards require students to develop a range of broadly useful oral communication and interpersonal skills, not just skills needed for formal presentations.
• Language: Conventions (grammar), effective use, and vocabulary
  The language standards include the essential "rules" of standard written and spoken English, but they also look at language as a matter of craft and making choices.

Standards for mathematical practice and mathematical content

The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) for mathematics include two types of standards: one for mathematical practice (how students are able to apply and extend math principles) and one for mathematical content (what students know about math). The two are linked together while students are learning.

The Standards for Mathematical Practice are listed at the end of this section. Let's look at how a student might learn to "model with mathematics" (Practice Standard 4). This means students can use the math they know to solve problems they encounter every day. For a fifth-grade student, the following sample problems might be used to see whether he or she can model mathematical content that relates to dividing fractions. The mathematics content standard for this new knowledge is shown in the box below. The practice standard shown in the sample problems is "model with mathematics.")

Students understand division with whole numbers from previous grades. Problems 1 and 3 review this understanding, and then extend the same thinking in problems 2 and 4 to divide a unit fraction (e.g., ½, ⅓, ⅝) by a whole number or vice versa.

• (Division using whole numbers): Louis has 10 chocolate bars. He wants to share them fairly with his four friends and himself. How many chocolate bars will each person get? (10 ÷ 5 = ?) (Think: Divide 10 into 5 equal shares.)
• (Division of a unit fraction by a whole number): The Jonas family has half of a large pizza. There are three people in the family. They want equal shares of the pizza. What part of a pizza will each person get? (½ ÷ 3 = ?) (Think: Divide ½ into 3 equal shares.)
• (Division using whole numbers): Eva has 18 cupcakes. She wants to have enough plates so that she can put 6 cupcakes on a plate. How many plates will she need? (18 ÷ 6 = ?) (Think: How many 6s are there in 18?)
• (Division of a whole number by a unit fraction): Juan has 2 pounds of raisins and wants to put them into bags with ¼ pound of raisins in each bag. How many bags will he need? (2 ÷ ¼ = ?) (Think: How many ¼s are there in 2?)

Standards for Mathematical Practice

• Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.
• Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
• Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.
• Model with mathematics.
• Use appropriate tools strategically.
• Attend to precision.
• Look for and make use of structure.
• Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

When will the CCSS be implemented?

Many states have already adopted the CCSS. A few others are in the process of doing so. Several states have posted a comparison of their current state standards against the CCSS on their websites. States are also in the process of looking at how and when to introduce the new standards. Plans may include training for school and district staff, communicating with interested people (e.g., community members, parents, and students), and transitioning from existing to new assessment systems.

For more about the Common Core State Standards, visit Education Northwest's website.

Education Northwest. (2011). Spotlight on the common core state standards. Retrieved from Education Northwest.