• Research suggests that a child's relationship with his or her caregivers is absolutely critical to consider when exploring the roots of later involvement in bullying (in some cases, as either victim or bully).
   
• Research on the role of non-parental caregivers and settings on later bullying is limited, underscoring a substantial gap in the literature. Nevertheless, the role of peers, neighborhood characteristics, socioeconomic factors, media exposure, and prejudice have all been identified as correlated to bullying.
   
• The research literature shows that effective, evidence-based early childhood interventions primarily used a curriculum-based approach with specific strands of content to support the classroom educator, the child, and the parents/caregivers in addressing aggressive behaviors. Key themes among these approaches included using a mix of educational materials with a tailored interactive approach, and using goal setting and action planning. 

Johns Hopkins University 

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